CONTEMPORARY FATAWA OF NAHDLATUL ULAMA: Between Observing the Madhhab and Adapting the Context

Achmad Kemal Riza

Abstract


Fatwa in the circle of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) remains showing reminiscent of classical period of Islamic jurisprudence. It uses madhhab and taqlid with the employment of classical jurisprudence texts. Being identical in certain crucial features, the NU’s version of fatwa, however, is different from classic fatwa in various aspects. Fatwa is collegial, binding and modern. This last aspect remains debatable within the NU. While senior ulama‘ resist the reintroduction of ijtihad in the process of fatwa issuing as a tradition which should be preserved, certain younger ulama‘ in the organization urges the employment of ijtihad to keep up with the demand of modern context. Senior ulama‘ of the NU maintain that taqlid and madhhab is the very essence of their commitment to Islamic law, whereas the younger ulama‘ assert that such attachment will only result in the abandonment of Islamic law altogether by Muslims, especially the NU members. This article shows that dynamic with special reference to what is happening in East Java, the traditional stronghold of the NU.

Keywords


Nahdlatul Ulama; ijtihad; taqlid; Islamic modernism

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdullah, Taufik. Islam dan Masyarakat: Pantulan Sejarah Indonesia. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1987.

Abou El Fadl, Khaled. Speaking in God’s Name: Islamic law, authority, and women. Oxford: Oneworld, 2001.

----------. ‘Islam and the theology of power’, Middle East Report, Winter 2001, http:/www.merip.org/mer/mer221/-221_abu_el_fadl.¬html. (accessed on 4/2/2004).

Anderson, JND. “Law as a social force in Islamic culture and history.” Bulletin of School of Oriental and African Studies, 20 (1/3) 1957: pp. 13-40.

----------. “Modern trends in Islam: legal reform and modernisation in the Middle East.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 20 (1971): pp. 1-21.

Aula: Majalah Nahdlatul Ulama No 2, XI/March 1989.

Baso, Ahmad. “Melawan Tekanan Agama; Wacana Baru Pemikiran Fiqih NU.” in Jamal D. Rahman et al (eds). Wacana Baru Fiqih Sosial; 70 tahun K.H. Ali Yafie. Bandung: Mizan, 1997.

Van Bruinessen, Martin. “Bukankah orang Kurdi yang mengislamkan Indonesia?.” Pesantren, 4, 4 (1987): pp. 43-53.

----------. NU: Tradisi, Relasi-Relasi Kuasa, Pencarian Wacana Baru. Yogyakarta: LKiS & Pustaka Pelajar, 1994.

----------. Kitab Kuning Pesantren dan Tarekat: Tradisi-tradisi Islam di Indonesia. Bandung: Mizan, 1995.

Coulson, Noel J. Conflicts and Tensions in Islamic Jurisprudence. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Dallal, Ahmad. “The origins and objectives of Islamic revivalist thoughts 1750-1850.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 113, 3 (1993): pp. 341-59.

Drewes, G.W.J. “New Light on the Coming of Islam to Indonesia?.” in Alijah Gordon (ed.). The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay Archipelago. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute, 2001.

Fareed, Muneer. “Against ijtiha>d.” The Muslim World, 91(3/4) (2001): pp. 355-70.

Federspiel, Howard M. Persatuan Islam: Islamic Reform in Twentieth Century Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970.

Geertz, Clifford. “The Javanese Kijaji: the Changing Role of a Cultural Broker.” Comparative Studies in Society and History: an International Quarterly, 2(2) (1960): pp. 228-59.

Gleave, Robert, “Makasid al-Shari’a.” in The Encyclopaedia of Islam (suppl). 2nd ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill Academic Publication, 2003.

Hallaq, Wael B. “From Fatwa>s to Furu’: Growth and Change in Islamic Substantive Law.” Islamic Law and Society, 1(1) (1994): pp. 29-65.

----------. A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni Usul al-Fiqh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

----------. Authority, continuity, and Change in Islamic Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Heinrichs, W.P. “Kawaid Fikhiyya.” in The Encyclopaedia of Islam (suppl). 2nd ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill Academic Publication, 2003.

Heyd, Uriel. “Some Aspects of the Ottoman Fetva.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 31, 1 (1969): pp. 35-56.

Horikoshi, Hiroko. “A Traditional Leader in a Time of Change: The kijaji and ulama in West Java.” in Michigan Ann Arbor and Karl D. Jackson. Traditional Authority, Islam and Rebellion: A study of Indonesian Political Behavior. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.

Layish, Aharon. “The Contribution of the Modernists to the Secularization of Islamic Law.” Middle East Studies,” 14 (1978): pp. 263-77.

Lombardi, Clark Benner. “Islamic Law as a Source of Constitutional Law in Egypt: the Constitutionalization of the Sharia in a Modern Arab State.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 37 (1998-1999): pp. 81-123.

Mahfudh, Muhammad Ahmad Sahal. “Bahtsul Masail dan Istinbath Hukum NU: Sebuah Catatan Pendek.” in M. Imdadun Rahmat (ed.). Kritik Nalar Fikih NU: Transformasi Paradigma Bahtsul Masa’il. Jakarta: Lakpesdam, 2002.

----------. Fiqh Sosial: Upaya Pengembangan Madzhab Qauli dan Manhaji>, speech delivered in receiving honorary doctorate degree on Islamic law at State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.

Marijan, Kacung. “Socio Economic and Political Role of NU Elite.” Indonesian Quarterly, 26, 1 (1998): pp. 37-51.

Masud, Muhammad Khalid. “Adab al-Mufti>: the Muslim Understanding of Values, Characteristics, and the Role of a Mufti>’.” in Barbara Daly Metcalf (ed.). Moral Conduct and Authority: the Place of Adab in South Asian Islam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

----------, Brinkley Messick and David S. Powers. “Mufti>s, fatwa>s, and Islamic Legal Interpretation.” in Muhammad Khalid Masud, Brinkley Messick and David S. Powers (eds), Islamic Legal Interpretation: Mufti>s and Their Fatwa>s. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996.

Masyhuri, Abdul Aziz. Ahkam al-Fuqaha’ fi Muqarrararat Mu’tamarat Nahdlatul Ulama wa Mushawaratiha (Masalah Keagamaan Nahdlatul Ulama: hasil-muktamar dan munas ulama Nahdatul Ulama kesatu-1926 s/d kedua puluh sembilan 1994). Surabaya: PP RMI and Dinamika Press, 1997.

Mattulada. “Demokrasi dalam Tradisi Masyarakat Indonesia.” Prisma, 6, 2 (1977): pp. 35-43

Messick, Brinkley. “The Mufti>, the Text, and the World: Legal Interpretation in Yemen.” Man 21, 1 (1986): pp. 102-19.

Munawwar, Sayyid Muhammad Agil. “Tidak Semuanya Harus Berubah.” Pesantren, 1, 5 (1988): pp. 43-47.

Mun’im DZ, Abdul. “Bahsul Masail: Tradisi Akademis Muslim Tradisionalis.” Jurnal Gerbang, 5, 12 (2002): pp. 104-15.

Muslehuddin, Muhammad. “Islamic Law and Social Change.” Islamic Studies, 21, 1 (1982): pp. 23-54.

Muzadi, Abdul Muchith. NU dan Fiqh Kontekstual. Yogyakarta: LKPSM, 1994.

Pengurus Besar Nahdatul Ulama (PBNU). Anggaran Dasar dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga Nahdlatul Ulama Hasil Muktamar XXX. Jakarta: PBNU, 1999.

Rahman, Fazlur. Islam. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966.

----------. “Islamic Modernism: its Scope, Method and Alternatives.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1, 4 (1970): pp. 317-33.

----------. “Revival and reform in Islam.” in PM Holt, Ann K S Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds). Cambridge History of Islam: The Further Islamic Lands, Islamic Society and Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

----------. “Functional Interdependence of Law and Theology.” in Gustave. E. von Grunebaum (ed.). Theology and Law in Islam. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1971.

Nakha’i, Imam. “Posisi akal lebih tinggi dari wahyu.” Islamliberal. http:/www.islamlib.com/id/page.php?page=article&id=463, (accessed on 10/2/2004).

Schacht, Joseph. “Islamic Law in Contemporary States.” The American Journal of Comparative Law, 8, 2 (1959): pp. 133-47.

----------. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.

Siddiq, Achmad. Khittah Nahdliyah. Bangil: Persatuan, 1980.

Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1961

Weiss, Bernard. “Law in Islam and in the West.” in Wael B. Hallaq and Donald P. Little (eds). Islamic Studies Presented to Charles J. Adams. Leiden: E.J. Brill Academic Publication, 1997.

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. The Ulama>’ in Contemporary Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.

Zahro, Ahmad. “Kitab-kitab Mu’tabarah dalam Lajnah Bahtsul Masail NU.” the paper presented in a seminar entitled Pengaruh Liberalisme Pemikiran dalam Standardisasi Kitab-Kitab Mu’tabarah held in Pesantren Darul ‘Ulum Rejoso Jombang at 23 February 2003.




DOI: 10.15642/JIIS.2011.5.1.35-65

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Indexed by:

    

Creative Commons License

View My Stats

Journal of Indonesian Islam (ISSN 1978-6301 and E-ISSN 2355-6994) is published by the Postgraduate Program (PPs) and the Institute for the Study of Religion and Society (LSAS), State Islamic University (UIN) of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Journal of Indonesian Islam by http://jiis.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/JIIs/index is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Copyright ©2020 State Islamic University (UIN) of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Powered by Public Knowledge Project OJS.